Data & methods

Data review

Nothing is filtered out of The Urban World. Every urban centre in GHS-WUP R2025A appears in the rankings, search, the directory and on the map, with the figures JRC published and their confidence beside them.

This page lists the centres that trip at least one diagnostic rule: low confidence, population jumps, tiny or barely built footprints, missing names. It is the working surface for deciding whether a curation rule is ever needed. How each rule is defined.

5,563 of 21,777 urban centres trip at least one rule.

JRC confidence 0: population outside 25-400% of the ensemble estimate

3,475 centres flagged low confidence· showing 1–100

Urban centre Country Exists Population Rules (epochs)
LuandaAngolafrom 199511.3M
  • Low confidence 1995–2005
  • Population jump 2000, 2010–2015
LuxorEgypt1975–21004.1M
  • Low confidence 2080–2100
  • Population jump 2000, 2010–2015
Pointe-NoireRepublic of the Congo1975–21001.7M
  • Low confidence 1975
  • Population jump 1980
MaharajganjIndia1975–21001.6M
  • Low confidence 1975
  • Population jump 1990, 2000
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–1980
LubangoAngolafrom 19901.3M
  • Low confidence 1990
  • Population jump 1995
GyanpurIndia1975–21001.2M
  • Low confidence 1975
CabindaAngolafrom 19901.1M
  • Low confidence 1990
  • Population jump 2010
KutubdiaBangladesh1975–21001.0M
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
  • Population jump 2000
BarhariaIndia1975–21001.0M
  • Low confidence 1975
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
SarvestanIran1975–2100950.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
KrishnanagarIndia1975–2100930.6K
  • Low confidence 1975–2000
DuhokIraqfrom 1995917.6K
  • Low confidence 2090–2100
  • Population jump 2005
KharamehIran1975–2100911.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
DharwadIndia1975–2100897.8K
  • Low confidence 1975
JerusalemIsrael1975–2100870.2K
  • Low confidence 2090–2100
BataEquatorial Guineafrom 1995856.2K
  • Low confidence 2095–2100
  • Population jump 2020
KavarIran1975–2100853.4K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
ZakhoIraqfrom 1990797.7K
  • Low confidence 2060–2100
Al MushahidahIraq1975–2100797.6K
  • Low confidence 2025–2100
KotwaliIndia1975–2100797.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1975–2000
MalaboEquatorial Guineafrom 1995750.4K
  • Low confidence 2070–2100
  • Population jump 2020
QingyuanChina1975–2100687.9K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
KaminaDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 1985686.4K
  • Low confidence 2085–2100
LuenaAngolafrom 2000684.5K
  • Low confidence 2000
  • Population jump 2005
KebkabiyaSudan1975–2100657.6K
  • Low confidence 1980–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
JalpaiguriIndia1975–2100624.4K
  • Low confidence 1975–1990
SfaxTunisia1975–2100599.7K
  • Low confidence 2065–2100
RajmahalIndia1975–2100579.9K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
  • Built share under 1% 1975
DarjeelingIndia1975–2100572.6K
  • Low confidence 1975–2080
Jafar Muhammad AliIraq1975–2100549.9K
  • Low confidence 2065–2100
NimuleSouth Sudanfrom 2005548.0K
  • Low confidence 2010–2100
  • Population jump 2010
  • Small and dense 2005–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
BuramSudan1975–2100515.3K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
ChengtouguChina1975–2100511.9K
  • Low confidence 1975, 1995–2000
WanzhouChina1975–2100506.5K
  • Low confidence 1975
Caleta SanitariaPeru1975–2100500.1K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1975–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–2020
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
ManonoDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 1995489.4K
  • Low confidence 2050–2100
  • Small and dense 1995–2100
HardoiIndia1975–2100479.8K
  • Low confidence 1975
Unnamed centre in SudanSudan1975–2100473.5K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Population jump 1985, 2025
  • Built share under 1% 1975–2080
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–2020
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
  • Unnamed 1975–2100
ElengaBangladesh1975–2100450.1K
  • Low confidence 1975
CanningIndia1975–2100424.8K
  • Low confidence 1975
  • Built share under 1% 1980
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
HuiminxiangChina1975–2100422.1K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Population jump 1995
  • Built share under 1% 1975–2100
ChandpurBangladesh1975–2100418.1K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
BuraoSomalia1975–2100416.6K
  • Low confidence 1980
KhansahibIndiafrom 1995411.8K
  • Low confidence 1995, 2050–2100
  • Population jump 2000
ToritSouth Sudanfrom 2005409.9K
  • Low confidence 2025–2100
  • Population jump 2010–2015
  • Small and dense 2005–2100
LongquanyiChina1975–2100409.4K
  • Low confidence 1975
BaidoaSomalia1975–2100407.4K
  • Low confidence 1980–1985, 2005
UígeAngola1975–2100393.9K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
PratapgarhIndia1975–2100388.1K
  • Low confidence 1975
SareynIran1975–2100386.3K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
Tamkuhi RajIndia1975–2100382.2K
  • Low confidence 1975
  • Population jump 2000
SariwonNorth Korea1975–2100381.3K
  • Low confidence 1975
Malemba-NkuluDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 1995376.8K
  • Low confidence 2020–2100
  • Small and dense 1995–2100
SoyoAngolafrom 2005376.5K
  • Low confidence 2095–2100
  • Population jump 2010
TimikaIndonesiafrom 2010367.3K
  • Low confidence 2060–2100
KasSudan1975–2100366.8K
  • Low confidence 2005–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
HawrahYemenfrom 1995360.0K
  • Low confidence 1995–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1995–2050
TitiNigeria1975–2100356.8K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1975–2025
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
DebandiIndia1975–2100347.9K
  • Low confidence 1975–2015
  • Built share under 1% 1975–1980
BoramaSomalia1975–2100347.9K
  • Low confidence 1980, 2070–2100
PishvaIran1975–2100347.2K
  • Low confidence 2010–2065
MassawaEritreafrom 1980340.7K
  • Low confidence 2005–2015, 2030–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1980–1990
OndjivaAngolafrom 2000335.2K
  • Low confidence 2085–2100
AbonnemaNigeriafrom 1980332.8K
  • Low confidence 2050–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1980–1990
JamalpurBangladesh1975–2100330.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985, 1995–2000
M'banza CongoAngolafrom 2005328.0K
  • Low confidence 2060–2100
BhadohiIndia1975–2100320.4K
  • Low confidence 1975
BalurghatIndia1975–2100312.9K
  • Low confidence 1975
RiwotoSouth Sudanfrom 2015306.9K
  • Low confidence 2015–2100
  • Population jump 2020
  • Built share under 1% 2015–2030
WanlaweynSomaliafrom 1980301.9K
  • Low confidence 1990, 2005–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
MulongoDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 1995297.9K
  • Low confidence 2015–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
NarmashirIranfrom 2000297.6K
  • Low confidence 2010–2100
AntsiramandrosoMadagascarfrom 2000294.6K
  • Low confidence 2000–2100
  • Built share under 1% 2000–2030
YarimYemen1975–2100294.6K
  • Low confidence 2010–2015, 2030–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
AdoNigeriafrom 1990291.5K
  • Low confidence 2010–2025
HechuanChina1975–2100291.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–1995
FameninIranfrom 1985286.6K
  • Low confidence 2000–2100
  • Small and dense 1985–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
ویسIran1975–2100282.4K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
FrancevilleGabonfrom 2005279.1K
  • Low confidence 2080–2100
BeledweyneSomalia1975–2100278.0K
  • Low confidence 2070–2100
KaesongNorth Korea1975–2100276.8K
  • Low confidence 1975–1995
MaseruLesothofrom 1980274.9K
  • Low confidence 2040–2100
Al MajidiYemen1975–2100273.4K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
Modiin-Maccabim-ReutIsraelfrom 1985272.9K
  • Low confidence 2020–2100
MercaSomaliafrom 1980267.9K
  • Low confidence 2025–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
SongnimNorth Korea1975–2100264.7K
  • Low confidence 1975
KasajiDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2000263.8K
  • Low confidence 2070–2100
  • Small and dense 2000–2100
MwekaDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 1990261.7K
  • Low confidence 2085–2100
  • Small and dense 1990–2100
BugamaNigeria1975–2100261.4K
  • Low confidence 2045–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
KabindaDemocratic Republic of the Congo1975–2100259.6K
  • Low confidence 2085–2100
HyesanNorth Korea1975–2100257.6K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
AmbanoMadagascarfrom 2000256.1K
  • Low confidence 2070–2100
Bule HoraEthiopia1975–2100250.7K
  • Low confidence 1975
KilwaDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2005248.1K
  • Low confidence 2020–2100
SatkhiraBangladesh1975–2100246.2K
  • Low confidence 1975
AbuaNigeria1975–2100245.7K
  • Low confidence 2060–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
Saraf `UmrahSudanfrom 1980244.1K
  • Low confidence 1980–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1980–2000
  • Small and dense 1980–2100
DhupguriIndia1975–2100243.5K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–1980
Zahrat LabanSaudi Arabiafrom 2015241.1K
  • Low confidence 2085–2100
  • Population jump 2020
MollasaniIran1975–2100239.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025