Data & methods

Data review

Nothing is filtered out of The Urban World. Every urban centre in GHS-WUP R2025A appears in the rankings, search, the directory and on the map, with the figures JRC published and their confidence beside them.

This page lists the centres that trip at least one diagnostic rule: low confidence, population jumps, tiny or barely built footprints, missing names. It is the working surface for deciding whether a curation rule is ever needed. How each rule is defined.

5,563 of 21,777 urban centres trip at least one rule.

JRC confidence 0: population outside 25-400% of the ensemble estimate

3,475 centres flagged low confidence· showing 101–200

Urban centre Country Exists Population Rules (epochs)
BholaBangladesh1975–2100239.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–2005
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–1980
KerenEritrea1975–2100237.3K
  • Low confidence 1975–1995
JowharSomalia1975–2100236.8K
  • Low confidence 1975–2015, 2025–2100
KamardaIndiafrom 1985236.4K
  • Low confidence 1985–2015
  • Built share under 1% 1985–2020
GaibandhaBangladesh1975–2100233.6K
  • Low confidence 1975
KamboveDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2000232.4K
  • Low confidence 2035–2100
KipushiDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2000230.1K
  • Low confidence 2085–2100
KapoetaSouth Sudanfrom 2010229.4K
  • Low confidence 2015–2100
  • Population jump 2015
  • Area under 5 km² 2010
  • Small and dense 2010–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
ShehongChina1975–2100228.4K
  • Low confidence 1975–1990
GayaraIraqfrom 2010228.4K
  • Low confidence 2095–2100
  • Population jump 2015
MaléMaldivesfrom 1985226.3K
  • Low confidence 2075–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1985–1995
JhenaidahBangladesh1975–2100225.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
TandaIndia1975–2100223.9K
  • Low confidence 1975
KannaujIndia1975–2100223.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
IrgalemEthiopia1975–2100221.9K
  • Low confidence 1975–1995
BosasoSomalia1975–2100221.8K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
QaraziadinIran1975–2100221.8K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–1980
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
DembaDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 1985220.9K
  • Low confidence 2045–2100
Bonsa BotaEthiopia1975–2100219.4K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
TogechaneEthiopiafrom 1990213.0K
  • Low confidence 1990–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1990
  • Small and dense 1990–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
FomboniComoros1975–2100211.0K
  • Low confidence 2015–2100
MadaripurBangladesh1975–2100208.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
KabongoDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2005206.5K
  • Low confidence 2030–2100
  • Small and dense 2005–2100
ShindandAfghanistanfrom 2000205.6K
  • Low confidence 2005–2100
MohammadAbad-e RiganIranfrom 1995204.4K
  • Low confidence 2005–2100
BangaonIndia1975–2100203.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
ManokwariIndonesiafrom 2005203.5K
  • Low confidence 2100
KulauraBangladesh1975–2100203.5K
  • Low confidence 1975
ShimlaIndia1975–2100201.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–2000, 2010–2015
  • Built share under 1% 1975
Kabondo-DiandaDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2010201.5K
  • Low confidence 2040–2100
  • Small and dense 2010–2100
ViangchanLaos1975–2100201.3K
  • Low confidence 2025–2100
MuktagachaBangladesh1975–2100200.2K
  • Low confidence 1975
ElelimIndonesiafrom 2010199.2K
  • Low confidence 2040–2100
  • Population jump 2015
KyaukpyuMyanmarfrom 2005199.1K
  • Low confidence 2020–2100
FirozkohAfghanistanfrom 2000198.7K
  • Low confidence 2005–2100
KahembaDemocratic Republic of the Congo1975–2100198.5K
  • Low confidence 1975–2005
  • Small and dense 1975–2100
JaffnaSri Lanka1975–2100197.2K
  • Low confidence 2070–2100
LuenaDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2000197.1K
  • Low confidence 2050–2100
DerudeibSudanfrom 2005196.2K
  • Low confidence 2005–2100
  • Population jump 2010
  • Built share under 1% 2005
  • Area under 5 km² 2005
  • Small and dense 2005–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
Alaba KulitoEthiopia1975–2100194.8K
  • Low confidence 1975
Blitta-GareTogo1975–2100194.5K
  • Low confidence 1975–1995, 2095–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–1995
TrishalBangladesh1975–2100194.1K
  • Low confidence 1975
NarayanpurBangladesh1975–2100194.0K
  • Low confidence 1975–2005
  • Population jump 2020
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–2015
KhujandTajikistan1975–2100193.9K
  • Low confidence 2005–2100
MawlamyinegyunnMyanmar1975–2100193.9K
  • Low confidence 1975–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
KaechonNorth Korea1975–2100192.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–2010
MusangalaDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2005191.1K
  • Low confidence 2040–2100
JongjuNorth Korea1975–2100191.1K
  • Low confidence 1975–2005
FahrajIranfrom 2000191.0K
  • Low confidence 2000–2100
  • Small and dense 2000–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
Bayt Sa`danYemenfrom 2000188.5K
  • Low confidence 2000–2100
  • Population jump 2025
  • Built share under 1% 2000–2050
  • Area under 5 km² 2000–2020
MuliaIndonesiafrom 2005187.9K
  • Low confidence 2005–2100
  • Small and dense 2005–2100
KasanguluDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 1980187.4K
  • Low confidence 2065–2100
BishanChina1975–2100187.0K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
MaguraBangladesh1975–2100185.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
BajilYemenfrom 1985185.5K
  • Low confidence 1985–2035, 2045, 2055–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1985–1990
BailutangChinafrom 1985183.8K
  • Low confidence 1990–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1985–1995
TarkeshwarIndia1975–2100183.7K
  • Low confidence 1975
BanjarnegaraIndonesia1975–2100183.4K
  • Low confidence 1975
NarusSouth Sudanfrom 2015183.1K
  • Low confidence 2015–2100
  • Population jump 2020
  • Small and dense 2015–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
MaubinMyanmar1975–2100182.1K
  • Low confidence 1975–2005
HaragachBangladesh1975–2100180.6K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
DiloloDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2010180.4K
  • Low confidence 2065–2100
GejiuChina1975–2100180.2K
  • Low confidence 1975
ToraghundiAfghanistanfrom 2000180.0K
  • Low confidence 2000–2100
Kebri DeharEthiopiafrom 1985179.9K
  • Low confidence 2035–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1985–1990
RubayaDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2000179.9K
  • Low confidence 2065–2100
6th of OctoberEgyptfrom 1995179.7K
  • Low confidence 1995, 2020–2090
Ar RijadYemenfrom 1990179.6K
  • Low confidence 1990–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1990–2015
GolmortiIranfrom 1980179.3K
  • Low confidence 1980–2100
  • Built share under 1% 1980–1990
RajbariBangladesh1975–2100179.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
MongbwaluDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 1980178.5K
  • Low confidence 1995–2005
  • Area under 5 km² 1980–2000
Ed Al FursanSudanfrom 1980178.1K
  • Low confidence 1980–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1980
  • Small and dense 1980–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
DinhataIndia1975–2100177.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–1980
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–1980
Abu GharaqIraqfrom 1995177.0K
  • Low confidence 2055–2100
Biak KotaIndonesiafrom 2000176.9K
  • Low confidence 2100
Al `UdaynYemenfrom 1995176.6K
  • Low confidence 1995–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1995–2010
QijiangChina1975–2100176.3K
  • Low confidence 1975–1990
JinkaEthiopia1975–2100174.8K
  • Low confidence 1975
  • Area under 5 km² 1975
LanckhulIndiafrom 2015174.7K
  • Low confidence 2015–2100
TasoujIranfrom 1985174.4K
  • Low confidence 1985–2100
NanbuChina1975–2100173.8K
  • Low confidence 1975–1990
ShahganjIndia1975–2100172.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
RongchangChina1975–2100171.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
Bagan Siapi-apiIndonesiafrom 1985169.8K
  • Low confidence 2040–2100
TokchonNorth Korea1975–2100169.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
DighaIndia1975–2100168.9K
  • Low confidence 1975–2010
GopalganjBangladesh1975–2100168.5K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
AdielaSudanfrom 2000168.3K
  • Low confidence 2000–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 2000–2005
Aleta WendoEthiopia1975–2100168.3K
  • Low confidence 1975–2000
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–1995
KaimganjIndia1975–2100167.9K
  • Low confidence 1975
BalcadSomaliafrom 2010167.5K
  • Low confidence 2010–2100
  • Small and dense in 2025 2025
AmassomaNigeria1975–2100166.7K
  • Low confidence 2065–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–2010
ThodupuzhaIndia1975–2100165.4K
  • Low confidence 1975–1985
KefoleEthiopiafrom 1985165.3K
  • Low confidence 1985, 2000–2100
  • Area under 5 km² 1985–1990
HayfanYemenfrom 2005164.8K
  • Low confidence 2005–2040, 2075–2100
  • Built share under 1% 2005–2055
KitengeDemocratic Republic of the Congofrom 2005164.8K
  • Low confidence 2045–2100
  • Small and dense 2005–2100
ChangshouChina1975–2100164.7K
  • Low confidence 1975–1990
BogaleMyanmar1975–2100164.2K
  • Low confidence 1975–2015
  • Area under 5 km² 1975–1980
LuauAngolafrom 2010163.0K
  • Low confidence 2090–2100
Umm DangaSudanfrom 2015162.6K
  • Low confidence 2015–2100
  • Population jump 2020